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- TECHTALK
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- ...the final frontier
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- Many of us are familiar with the OSCARs and AMSATs, but this
- month I'd like to talk about a different type of spacecraft. NASA
- returned to the interplanetary mission business with the launch of
- Magellan from the shuttle Atlantis earlier this month. This is the
- first of several important missions scheduled over the next several
- years. Let's look at a few of them.
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- The main mission of Magellan is to map the surface of the planet
- Venus. It is the first interplanetary craft launched since 1978.
- Weighing in at 3 tons, the craft will take some 466 days to reach
- Venus. This is the "scenic route," as it will pass one and a half
- times around the sun on the way.
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- As with most satellites, an eliptical orbit has been chosen for
- Magellan. The period of its orbit around Venus will be about 3.15
- hours. The craft is 15 feet in diameter and 21 feet tall. It will be
- powered on its journey by a second stage inertial solid rocket engine.
- It is also unique in that many of Magellan's components came from
- spare parts from previous craft such as Voyager, Galelio, and Viking.
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- Once Magellan arrives and begins to orbit Venus in August 1990,
- it will start its mapping and other duties.
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- Forty minutes of each orbit will be spent on mapping. An area 15
- miles wide and 10,000 miles long will be recorded during this forty
- minutes. Part of the rest of the orbit will be spent relaying the data
- to earth. When an orbit is finished, the cycle begins again. It will
- take 243 days to complete the 1852 orbits needed to make a 90% map of
- the entire planet.
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- The mapping will be done using synthetic aperature radar. This is
- a radar technique that simulates the way a still camera works. Instead
- of a mechanical shutter, synthetic aperature radar emits pulses of CW
- in a manner that allows "snapshots" of the surface to be made. This
- new and advanced technique is necessary because Venus is surrounded by
- a layer of thick clouds. The attenuation of conventional radar or
- other ranging systems signal's would be too great to permit mapping
- with reasonable accuracy.
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- Although the mission will be considered a success if only 90% of
- the surface is mapped, NASA hopes to be able to extend the number of
- orbits by as much as nine times. This would allow for complete
- mapping, and even some stereoscopic images.
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- All of this information is important for several reasons. First,
- it expands our knowledge of our own solar system. Understanding the
- history and evolution of other planets helps us to understand our
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- unique place and role in the system. Second, the mission gives us a
- viable interplanetary presence. The third reason is, however, the most
- important.
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- A close look at the geological structure and atmospheric balance
- of a planet with an atmosphere that is deadly to most of the life here
- on Earth will help us to better understand the delicate balance of our
- planet and its atmosphere.
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- NASA has sent several craft to Mars in the past. A mission is now
- being planned for the late 1990s that consists of three craft.
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- One of the vessels would map the surface and serve as a repeater
- for another of the vessels which would land and deploy a rover. The
- rover would collect samples and take other data. It would then return
- to its mother ship, which would dock with the third vessel in martian
- orbit.
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- This third craft would then return the data and samples to space
- station Freedom. From there, the shuttle would return them to Earth.
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- There are many details and technical hurdles including high speed
- communication and control systems, but NASA and its contractors feel
- confident that this mission will fly on schedule.
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- CU next month.
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- Doug Kirsop
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